Health and lifestyle risk factors: a comparison between Brazilian athletes and non-athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12820/rbafs.29e0373Palabras clave:
Athletes, Lifestyle, Health behaviorsResumen
Introduction: Athletes are more exposed to mental and physical stress and injuries, affecting performance and health. However, evidence shows that endurance but not power athletes have greater longevity when compared to their non-athlete peers which could be explained by health factors. Objective: To compare the lifestyle characteristics and health profile between Brazilian athletes and non-athletes. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study comparing male athletes recruited between 2013 and 2016 (n = 147) representing 13 sports, which were divided into two categories: strength/velocity (SV) and endurance/mixed sports (EM). The non-athlete adult group was selected according to the National Health Survey. Athletes were assessed using health questionnaires, anthropometric, blood pressure and resting electrocardiograms measurements. Results: SV had higher body weight, body mass index, and blood pressure compared to the EM (p < 0.05). In addition, higher use of pharmacological substances, tobacco, and poor perception of health was observed in SV athletes. When compared to the non-athlete population, the EM showed a lower prevalence of overweight (56% vs. 26%), hypertension (18% vs. 3%), and self-reported depression (4% vs. 0%) while SV showed a higher prevalence of poor health perception (49% vs. 30%). Conclusions: Our findings reaffirm that athletes have higher health status than the general population but that more in-depth analysis must be carried out in sports with different natures.
Descargas
Citas
Arnold R, Fletcher D. A research synthesis and taxonomic classification of the organizational stressors encountered by sport performers. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2012;34:397–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.3.397
Schwellnus M, Soligard T, Alonso JM, Bahr R, Clarsen B, Dijkstra HP, et al. How much is too much ? ( Part 2 ) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:1043-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572
Gouttebarge V, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Gorczynski P, Hainline B, Hitchcock ME, Kerkhoffs GM, et al. Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:700–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100671
Kim JH, Sher S, Wang F, Weiner RB, Quyyumi AA, Baggish AL, et al. Impact of american-style football participation on vascular function. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(2):262–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.10.033
La Gerche A, Schmied CM. Atrial fibrillation in athletes and the interplay between exercise and health. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(47):3599–602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht265
Clarke PM, Walter SJ, Hayen A, Mallon WJ, Heijmans J, Studdert DM. Survival of the fittest: Retrospective cohort study of the longevity of Olympic medallists in the modern era. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(13):898–902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-e8308rep
Ruiz JR Morán M, Arenas J, Lucia A. Strenuous endurance exercise improves life expectancy: It’s in our genes. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(3):159–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.075085
Teramoto M, Bungum TJ. Mortality and longevity of elite athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(4):410–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.010
Runacres A, Mackintosh KA, McNarry MA. Response to Comment on “Health Consequences of an Elite Sporting Career: Long-Term Detriment or Long-Term Gain? A Meta-Analysis of 165,000 Former Athletes. Sports Med. 2021;51(10):2233-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01507-9
Araujo CGS, Scharhag J. ‘Athlete: a working definition for medical and health sciences research’. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(1):4-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12632
Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. Percepção do estado de saúde, estilos de vida e doenças crônicas. Brasil, grandes regiões e unidades da federação, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 2014. 108 p.
Szwarcwald CL. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde no Brasil : concepção e metodologia de aplicação National Health Survey in Brazil: design and methodology of application. Ciênc Saúde Colet. 2014;19(2):333-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014192.14072012
Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.56.6.893
Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Ver. 1988;8(1):77–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
Lima OF, Crippa JA, Loureiro SR. Further psychometric study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory including factorial analysis and social anxiety disorder screening. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2011;15(4):255-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2011.605955
Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, et al. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review : research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;2;7:7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-7
Walsh J, Heazlewood IT, Climstein M. Lifestyle Body Mass Index in Master Athletes: Review of the Literature. J Lifestyle Med. 2018;8(2):79-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2018.8.2.79
Degens, H, Stasiulis A, Skurvydas A, Statkeviciene B, Venckunas T. Physiological comparison between non-athletes, endurance, power and team athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(6):1377–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04128-3
Kusy K, Zieliński J. Aerobic capacity in speed-power athletes aged 20-90 years vs endurance runners and untrained participants. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(1):68–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01496.x
Zouhal, H. Groussard C, Minter G, Vincent S, Cretual A, Gratas-Delamarche A, et al. Inverse relationship between percentage body weight change and fi nishing time in 643 forty-two-kilometre marathon runners. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(14):1101–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.074641
Barbieri D, Zaccagni L, Babić V, Rakovac M, Mišigoj-Duraković M, Gualdi-Russo E. Body composition and size in sprint athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;57:1142–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06925-0
McHugh, C, Hind K, Cunningham J, Davey D, Wilson F. A career in sport does not eliminate risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cardiovascular health of field-based athletes. J Sci Med Sport. 2020;23(9):792–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.009
Akhmetov II, Popov DV, Astratenkova IV, Druzhevskaia AM, Missina SS, Vinogradova OL, et al. Using molecular genetic methods for prognosis of aerobic and anaerobic performance in athletes. Fiziol cheloveka. 2008;34(3):86–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0362119708030110
Almeida JA, Boullosa DA, Pardono E, et al. The influence of ACE genotype on cardiorespiratory fitness of moderately active young men. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;98:315–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2012005000029
Banting LK, Pushkarev VP, Cieszczyk P, Zarebska A, Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk MA, et al. Elite athletes’ genetic predisposition for altered risk of complex metabolic traits. BMC Genomics 2015;16(1):25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-014-1199-0
Forman JP, Rimm EB, Curhan GC. Frequency of analgesic use and risk of hypertension among men. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(4):394-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.4.394
Perry JC, Schuetz TM, Memon MD, Faiz S, Cancarevic I. Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Cureus. 2020;22;12(7):e9333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9333
Achar S, Rostamian A, Narayan SM. Cardiac and metabolic effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse on lipids, blood pressure, left ventricular dimensions, and rhythm. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(6):893-901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.05.013
La Gerche A, Brosnan MJ. Cardiovascular Effects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs. Circulation. 2017;135(1):89-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022535
Zhou H, Zhang Y, Han X, Dai X, Lou L, Hou X, et al. Athlete students lead a healthier life than their non-athlete peers: A cross-sectional study of health behaviors, depression, and perceived health status among university students. Front Psychol. 2022;13:923667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923667
Hunger JM, Major B. Weight stigma mediates the association between BMI and self-reported health. Health Psychol. 2015;34(2):172-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000106
Rice SM, Purcell R, Silva S De, Mawren D, Mcgorry PD, Parker AG. The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2016;46:1333–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
Nabuco HCG, Rodrigues VB, Fernandes VLS, Ravagnani FCDeP, Fett CA, Espinosa MM, et al. Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes. Nutr Hosp. 2016;33(3): 678-84.
Piacentino D, Kotzalidis GD, Longo L, Pavan A, Stivali L, Stivali G, et al. Body Image and Eating Disorders are Common among Professional and Amateur Athletes Using Performance and Image Enhancing Drugs: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2017;49(5):373–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1359708
Westerman ME, Charchenko CM, Ziegelmann MJ, Bailey GC, Nippoldt TB. Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders: An Uncommon Cohort of Illicit Substance Users. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:175–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.10.027
Burtscher M, Bodner T, Burtscher J, Ruedl G, Kopp M, Broessner G. Life-style characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors in regular downhill skiers : an observational study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-788
Thompson MP, Swartout K. Epidemiology of Suicide Attempts among Youth Transitioning to Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc. 2018;47(4):807–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0674-8
Maia EG, Gomes FMD, Alves MH, Huth YR, Claro RM. Watching TV and eating habits: the results from 2006 to 2014 in Brazilian state capitals. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2016;32(9):e00104515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00104515
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Christianne de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Mário Sérgio Vaz da Silva, Jeeser Alves de Almeida, Adriano Percival Calderaro Calvo, Fabricio Cesar Paula Ravagnani, Sérgio Itacarambi Guasque Faria, Alan Nevill
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Al enviar un manuscrito a la Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, los autores mantienen la titularidad de los derechos de autor sobre el artículo y autorizan a la Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde a publicar este manuscrito bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 e identificarla como el vehículo de su publicación original.
